Wildcard Mask

A wildcard mask is a mask of bits that indicates which parts of an IP address are available for examination. In the Cisco IOS,^[1] they are used in several places, for example:

• To indicate the size of a network or subnet for some routing protocols, such as OSPF.
• To indicate what IP addresses should be permitted or denied in access control lists (ACLs).

A wildcard mask can be thought of as an inverted subnet mask. For example, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (binary equivalent = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000) inverts to a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255 (binary equivalent = 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111).

A wild card mask is a matching rule.^[2] The rule for a wildcard mask is:

• 0 means that the equivalent bit must match
• 1 means that the equivalent bit does not matter

Any wildcard bit-pattern can be masked for examination. For example, a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.254 (binary equivalent = 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111110) applied to IP address 10.10.10.2 (00001010.00001010.00001010.00000010) will match even-numbered IP addresses 10.10.10.0, 10.10.10.2, 10.10.10.4, 10.10.10.6 etc. Same mask applied to 10.10.10.1 (00001010.00001010.00001010.00000001) will match odd-numbered IP addresses 10.10.10.1, 10.10.10.3, 10.10.10.5 etc.

A network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 would match an interface configured exactly with 1.1.1.1 only, and nothing else.

Wildcard masks are used in situations where subnet masks may not apply. For example, when two affected hosts fall in different subnets, the use of a wildcard mask will group them together.

List of wildcard masks

Slash	Netmask	Wildcard mask
/32	255.255.255.255	0.0.0.0
/31	255.255.255.254	0.0.0.1
/30	255.255.255.252	0.0.0.3
/29	255.255.255.248	0.0.0.7
/28	255.255.255.240	0.0.0.15
/27	255.255.255.224	0.0.0.31
/26	255.255.255.192	0.0.0.63
/25	255.255.255.128	0.0.0.127
/24	255.255.255.0	0.0.0.255
/23	255.255.254.0	0.0.1.255
/22	255.255.252.0	0.0.3.255
/21	255.255.248.0	0.0.7.255
/20	255.255.240.0	0.0.15.255
/19	255.255.224.0	0.0.31.255
/18	255.255.192.0	0.0.63.255
/17	255.255.128.0	0.0.127.255
/16	255.255.0.0	0.0.255.255
/15	255.254.0.0	0.1.255.255
/14	255.252.0.0	0.3.255.255
/13	255.248.0.0	0.7.255.255
/12	255.240.0.0	0.15.255.255
/11	255.224.0.0	0.31.255.255
/10	255.192.0.0	0.63.255.255
/9	255.128.0.0	0.127.255.255
/8	255.0.0.0	0.255.255.255
/7	254.0.0.0	1.255.255.255
/6	252.0.0.0	3.255.255.255
/5	248.0.0.0	7.255.255.255
/4	240.0.0.0	15.255.255.255
/3	224.0.0.0	31.255.255.255
/2	192.0.0.0	63.255.255.255
/1	128.0.0.0	127.255.255.255
/0	0.0.0.0	255.255.255.255

Reference: Wikipedia

 

Deleting your WLAN profile by cmd

1. Launch Command Prompt as ad administrator and run the following commands:
   • netsh wlan show profile
   • netsh wlan profile
     • Add the profile name of the network you wish to delete.
2. If you want to delete all profile, then run this command: netsh wlan delete profile *
3. Restart your computer and check if Windows 10 asks you to enter your Wi-Fi password.

 

Changing access permissions in Windows by cmd

1. You have to open the command prompt as a privileged user. That can be found under Start > "All Programs" > Windows system. Right-click on the "Command prompt" icon and select "Run-As".

2. Once prompted, enter username and password.

3. On the command line, you can use a comman called CACLS. 

Here's the full list of things that it can do:

Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files
CACLS filename [/T] [/E] [/C] [/G user:perm] [/R user [...]]
               [/P user:perm [...]] [/D user [...]]
   filename      Displays ACLs.
   /T            Changes ACLs of specified files in
                 the current directory and all subdirectories.
   /E            Edit ACL instead of replacing it.
   /C            Continue on access denied errors.
   /G user:perm  Grant specified user access rights.
                 Perm can be: R  Read
                              W  Write
                              C  Change (write)
                              F  Full control
   /R user       Revoke specified user's access rights (only valid with /E).
   /P user:perm  Replace specified user's access rights.
                 Perm can be: N  None
                              R  Read
                              W  Write
                              C  Change (write)
                              F  Full control
   /D user       Deny specified user access.
Wildcards can be used to specify more that one file in a command.
You can specify more than one user in a command.

Abbreviations:
   CI - Container Inherit.
        The ACE will be inherited by directories.
   OI - Object Inherit.
        The ACE will be inherited by files.
   IO - Inherit Only.
        The ACE does not apply to the current file/directory.

So if you want to add permissions to a folder called "MyFolder", located on C: drive for Everyone, do the following:

C:\cacls c:\MyFolder /e /p Everyone:F

Where /e is to preserve old permissions;
/p is to add new permissions;
Everyone is the user
f stands for Full Control (R Read, W Write, C Change (write), F Full control)

If you don't include /e, the permissions assigned will be the only permissions on the file/directory.

More examples:

If you want to add permissions to hosts file for a user, do the following:

C:\cacls C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts /e /p UserID:W

If you want to remove permissions to a file called "test.txt", located on desktop for Everyone, do the following:

C:\cacls C:\Users\UserdID\Desktop\test.txt /e /p Everyone:N

How to upgrade to Windows 10 for free

• Visit the Windows 10 download page from here.
• Click the 'Download Tool now' button to download the Windows 10 Media Creation Tool.

• Open the Media Creation Tool and accept the license terms.
• Select the 'Upgrade this PC now' option and click Next.

• The tool will prompt you as to whether you wish keep everything or start from scratch. Select to Keep all apps and files and continue.

• Once you click on the Install button, Windows 10 will begin to be installed. This process can take quite a while and the computer will restart numerous times.

• After Windows 10 is finished installing, connect to the internet and open Settings > Windows Update > Activation and the PC will be activated with a digital license. You can also enter your Windows 7 or Windows 8.x product key and activate Windows 10 if the device is not already activated.

Remember that the offer works only if you are using a genuine license of Windows 7 or Windows 8.1. By following this guide, you will receive a digital license valid for the life of the hardware.

How to Repair Excel File Can't find project or Library Error

For different situations some solutions to rectify the problem or to repair corrupted Excel file are always there. Like finding out the missing library or the cause of mismatch if it exists. The library is then added or alternatively the code may be rechecked to link to the appropriate library.

Step 1. Open the MS Excel file, giving an error message.

Step 2. Ensure that the sheet that has defined functions or buttons is selected.

Step 3. Press “ALT and F11 keys”, for VB Editor in a new window (as below).

Step 4. Click on Tools menu and then select References from pulled down menu, as shown

Step 5. Following dialog box will display ‘Missing object library or type’ is indicated, as shown below

Step 6. As in above display if check mark exists with missing library, uncheck it and click OK

Step 7. Exit and save the original Excel file.

Now check to ensure respective functions are working properly.

Automate Task with Folder Actions

Turn on Folder Actions globally

To use Folder Actions, you must first turn this feature on globally. To do this, right-click or Control-click on any folder and choose Services -> Folder Actions Setup. (If you only have a few Services, you may not have a Services menu and will instead see the Folder Actions Setup menu item at the bottom of the contextual menu.) When you choose Folder Actions Setup, a small window opens showing a list of AppleScripts. Select Enable Folder Actions in the window and then quit (Command-Q).

Get alerted to incoming files

Now, let’s apply a simple, useful folder action to one of your folders. If you share files with others over a network, your colleagues may deposit files in your Mac's built-in Drop Box folder. But how do you know when a new document has arrived? Add a Folder Action that displays a dialog box whenever a new file is added to this folder.
To do this, first go to your Public folder. You’ll find it inside your home folder—the one with the house icon. (Or, in the Finder select Go -> Go To Folder and type ~/Public/). Right-click or Control-click on the Drop Box folder inside, choose Folder Actions Setup, click on “add - new item alert.scpt,” and then click on Attach.


Let’s try this out. Take any file and place it inside this folder. Within a few seconds you should see a dialog box telling you how many new items were added to the folder. This dialog asks if you would like to view these items. Click on Yes to open a window showing the files, or click on No to dismiss the dialog box. You may not need to see the files right away, but now you know that they have been added.

Once you attach the Folder Action to your Drop Box folder, you'll see an alert like this every time someone puts something in the folder.

Another way to use this same script is with your Dropbox folder. If you share files using Dropbox’s shared folders, you may want to know when you receive new files. Dropbox offers “desktop notifications”—floating alerts—but they fade away after a few seconds. Attach the same script we used above to a shared folder and you’ll see an alert whenever Dropbox downloads new files to that folder. Note that this only works when an item is added to the folder itself, not when someone adds an item to one of its sub-folders. If you have a lot of sub-folders in your shared folder, you can apply the same script to each of them to get alerts for all of the folders.

Explore OS X’s other built-in actions

OS X includes a handful of folder action scripts in the /Library/Scripts/Folder Action Scripts folder. Let’s look at a couple of them and see how they can save you time.

In this folder, you’ll see a number of scripts that can act on graphics. For example, there are three scripts that can automatically convert image files to JPEG, PNG or TIFF format. Let’s say you have a blog, and you want all your graphics to be in JPEG format. Create a folder somewhere and attach the “image - Duplicate as JPEG.scpt” script to it. Every time you add an image file to that folder, it will be immediately converted.

There’s a nifty script if you often open a lot of folders within a specific folder. As you know, closing all those windows can be annoying. If you attach the “close - close sub-folders.scpt” script to a folder, any sub-folders that are open will be closed when you close the top-level folder. This is useful if you have projects that require you to access files in a lot of sub-folders.

Turn off Folder Actions

If you ever want to turn off Folder Actions for specific folders, you can access the Folder Actions Setup applet as described above by clicking on any folder. Dismiss the list of scripts, and you’ll see a list of those folders for which you’ve set Folder Actions, and which scripts you’ve attached to them. Turn off any of these by unchecking them, or delete any folder or script by selecting it and clicking on the minus button.

In this window, you can see all folders that have Folder Actions attached to them, and which scripts they are set to run.

source: www.macworld.com

Skype Meeting control is not displayed on Outlook 2016

1. Start Outlook.
2. On the File menu, click Options.
3. In the navigation pane, click Add-Ins.
4. On the Manage menu, select COM Add-Ins, and then click Go.
5. In the COM Add-Ins dialog box, select the Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office 2016 option, and then click OK.

If you do not see the Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office 2016 entry in the COM Add-Ins dialog box, click here for the resolution. The entry should be displayed as it is in the following screen shot:

More Information:

Registry Key to enable or disable Skype Meeting Add-in

When you manually enable or disable the Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office 2016 add-in by using the COM Add-Ins dialog box (by using the steps in the "Resolution" section), the following registry data is updated:

Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\Addins\UcAddin.LyncAddin.1
DWORD: LoadBehavior
Value: 3 = add-in is enabled, 2 = add-in is not enabled

"Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office 2016" entry is missing in COM Add-Ins

If you do not see the "Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Office 2016" entry in the COM Add-Ins dialog box in Outlook, the add-in may not be correctly configured in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hive of the registry. In this situation, follow these steps.

Important Follow the steps in this section carefully. Serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Before you modify it, back up the registry for restoration in case problems occur.

To resolve this issue, examine the applicable registry subkey for the Skype Meeting Add-in for your installation of Microsoft Office 2016.

Note These steps apply to both the 32-bit Windows client with Office 32-bit (Click-to-Run installation) and the 64-bit Windows client with Office 64-bit (Click-to-Run installation)

1. Click Start, type regedit in the Start Search box, and then click OK.
2. In Registry Editor, locate one of following subkeys, as applicable to your installation of Microsoft Office:
    
   • For 32-bit Windows client with Office 32-bit (Click-to-Run installation) or 64-bit Windows client with Office 64-bit (Click-to-Run installation):
     
     HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\ClickToRun\Registry\Machine\Software\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\Addins\UcAddin.LyncAddin.1
   • For 64-bit Windows client with Office 32-bit (Click-to-Run installation):
     
     HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\ClickToRun\Registry\Machine\Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\Addins\UcAddin.LyncAddin.1
   • For 32-bit Windows client with Office 32-bit (MSI installation) or 64-bit Windows client with Office 64-bit (MSI installation):
     
     HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\Addins\UcAddin.LyncAddin.1
   • For 64-bit Windows client with Office 32-bit (MSI installation):
     
     HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Office\Outlook\Addins\UcAddin.LyncAddin.1
3. In the details pane, double-click LoadBehavior. If the value in the Value data box is not 3, change it to 3, and then click OK.